
Figure 1: Brief History of the
Universe Being Observed by the WMAP (http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov)
The CMB radiation anisotropy is a
snapshot of the universe when it was only 380,000 years, and is a unique tool
for probing the early universe because it directly reflects the early matter
fluctuations of the universe. The WMAP observess the minute temperature
fluctuations at 23-94 GHz frequency range, with maximum angular resolution of
0.21 degree. The WMAP satellite has also observed the CMB polarization that is
much weaker (a few ¥ìK levels) than the temperature anisotropy. The CMB photons
were linearly polarized when they last-scattered with electrons at the
decoupling surface. Beause the polarization angle and intensity are tightly
related with radiation field surrounding the electrons, we expect that the
polarized signal is correlated with temperature fluctuations. In practice,
the observed temperature fluctuation is the sum of the CMB signal, instrument
noise, and contaminating signals from the Galactic and extragalactic sources.
For accurate measurement of statistical properties of CMB, subtracting the
foreground contribution is very important. For example, a foreground-reduced CMB
map is shown in Figure 2, where the map has been produced from the linear
combination of five WMAP maps at different frequencies by constraining the
variance of the combined map to be minimized.

Figure 2: A
foreground-reduced CMB temperature anisotropy map (1.4 degree resolution)
produced by applying the internal linear combination method (Park, Park
& Gott 2007).
Cosmologists often use two-point statistics
(correlation function and power spectrum) as the primary tool for constraining
the cosmological model. If the field is Gaussian, the statistical property of
the field can be completely described by the two-point statistics. The power
spectrum is measured from the density field by applying the maximum likelihood
or Fourier transform methods. The fluctuations in the density field are
decomposed into waves with different wavelengths, and the power spectrum is
obtained as the amplitude variance of the waves at each wave number. For CMB
data, angular power spectrum Cl at each multipole l is measured from the
spherical harmonic expansion of the temperature fluctuations on the sphere. The
power spectra measured from the WMAP CMB temperature and polarizationi data are
shown in Figure 3, where power spectra of other CMB experiments are plotted for
comparison. Two model power spectra of the best-fit ¥ËCDM model and flat CDM
model with ¥Ë=0 are also shown.

Figure 3: Angular power spectra
measured from CMB temperature and polarization data from WMAP, Acbar, Boomerang,
and CBI, denoted as ClTT for temperatures and ClTE for
temperature-polarization cross-correlation.
The appearance of the CMB
anisotropy power spectrum implies that our universe started from the adiabatic
initial conditions. The first acoustic peak is obviously seen in the temperature
(TT) power spectrum at l=220 (about 0.8 degree scale). The location of the first
acoustic peak corresponds to the sound horizon size at the decoupling epoch.
Inside the horizon, acoutic modes of photon-baryon fluid were oscillating with
compression and rarefaction, which induce a series of acoustic peaks and
troughs.
In the temperature-polarization (TE) cross-power spectrum,
non-zero correlation on both large (from reionization) and small (from adiabatic
fluctuations) angular scales have been detected . Especially, the former is the
signature of ionization of primordial hydrogen and helium due to the formation
of the first stars and galaxies. The detection of the reionization of the
universe corresponds to an optical depth ¥ó = 0.088, and an epoch z=11 (or
t=400 Myrs after the Big Bang).
The WMAP team has derived cosmological
parameters from the temperature and polarization power spectra of the WMAP
3-year data. The CMB temperature and polarization data implies that the observed
CMB fluctuations are consistent with predictions of the concordance flat ¥ËCDM
model with adiabatic fluctuations which have been generated during the
inflationary epoch. The most important result is that the energy content of
the universe is 76% of dark energy and 24% of matter. The ordinary matter
(baryon) contributes only 4% to the total energy content. The luminous stars and
galaxies that we see today are only a small part of the total material in the
universe. The most material exists as dark matter. Furthermore, the present
universe is dominated by the dark energy, and is being accelerated.
The
KIAS cosmology group studies the statistical properties of the CMB anisotropy.
For this purpose, the group have been developing efficient algorithms to remove
the Galactic foreground emission in the observed CMB maps. Anothor research
subject is to quantify the level of non-Gaussianity from the observed CMB
temperature fluctuations. For example, the genus statstic can be measured from
the WMAP data to test for the Gaussianity of such primordial
fluctuations.
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